新疆西梅栽培研究进展

西梅的果实是一种具有较高经济价值的储藏器官。新疆是西梅的主要产区之一,为使西梅的果实能具有较高的品质和产量,在适宜砧木的选择、优良品种的搭配、建园模式、高效栽培树形、土肥水管理和病虫害防治等方法和技术上都要有较高的要求。文章综述目前西梅的研究,结合新疆生产现状总结出提高西梅果实品质和产量的一系列方法和措施。     

狼毒根原料特点及其中柱制备糠醛研究

瑞香狼毒是我国北方草原上典型的多年生草本毒植物,资源化利用是新的治理思想和方式。以青海湖南岸的狼毒为研究对象,对其根部原料特征、化学成分和中柱部分制备糠醛进行了测定分析。结果表明:狼毒根皮层厚度与其最大直径呈直线关系;含水量为4.5%时,狼毒根中柱密度(0.72 g/cm~3)略高于皮层密度(0.69 g/cm~3);狼毒根中柱与皮层的化学成分有较大差异。由于狼毒根中柱部分聚戊糖含量较高,适合作为制备糠醛的原料,本研究中糠醛的得率为8.2%,与目前工业常用的原料蔗渣相仿。研究结果可为狼毒资源化提供参考依据。     

Low soil temperature reducing the yield of drip irrigated rice in arid area by influencing anther development and pollination

Drip irrigation can produce high rice yields with significant water savings; therefore, it is widely used in arid area water-scarce northern China. However, high-frequency irrigation of drip irrigation with low temperature well water leads to low root zone temperature and significantly reduce the rice yield compared to normal temperature water irrigated rice, for example, reservoir water. The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of low soil temperature on the yield reduction of drip irrigated rice in the spike differentiation stage. The experiment set the soil temperatures at 18°C, 24°C and 30°C under two irrigation methods(flood and drip irrigation), respectively. The results showed that, at the 30°C soil temperature, drip irrigation increased total root length by 53% but reduced root water conductivity by 9% compared with flood irrigation. Drip irrigation also increased leaf abscisic acid and proline concentrations by 13% and 5%, respectively. These results indicated that drip irrigated rice was under mild water stress. In the 18°C soil temperature, drip irrigation reduced hydraulic conductivity by 58%, leaf water potential by 40% and leaf net photosynthesis by 25% compared with flood irrigation. The starch concentration in male gametes was also 30% less in the drip irrigation treatment than in the flood irrigation treatment at soil temperature 18°C. Therefore, the main reason for the yield reduction of drip irrigated rice was that the low temperature aggravates the physiological drought of rice and leads to the decrease of starch content in male gametes and low pollination fertilization rate. Low temperature aggravates physiological water deficit in drip irrigated rice and leads to lower starch content in male gametes and low pollination fertilization rate, which is the main reason for the reduced yield of drip irrigated rice. Overall, the results indicated that the low soil temperatures aggravated the water stress that rice was under in the drip irrigated environment, causing declines both in the starch content of male gametes and in pollination rate. Low temperature will ultimately affect the rice yield under drip irrigation.     

Spatio-temporal variation of soil moisture in a fixed dune at the southern edge of the Gurbantunggut Desert in Xinjiang,China

Soil moisture is critical for vegetation growth in deserts. However, detailed dataregarding the soil moisture distribution in space and time in the Gurbantunggut Desert have not yet been reported. In this study, we conducted a series ofinsitu observation experiments in a fixed sand dune at the southern edge of the GurbantunggutDesert from February 2014 to October 2016, to explore the spatio-temporal variation of soil moisture content, investigate the impact of Haloxylonammodendron (C. A. Mey.) Bungeon soil moisture content in its root zone, and examine the factors influencing the soil moisture spatial pattern. One-way analysis of variance,least significant difference testsand correlation analysis were used to analyze the data. The results revealed that the soil moisture content exhibited annual periodicity and the temporal variation of soil moisture content throughout a year could be divided into three periods, namely, a moisture-gaining period, a moisture-losing period and a moisture-stable period.According to the temporal and spatial variability, the 0-400 cm soil profile could be divided into two layers: an active layer with moderate variability and a stable layer with weak variability.The temporal variability was larger than the spatial variability in the active layer,and the mean profile soil moisture content at different slope positions displayed the trend of decreasing with increasing relative heightand mainly followed the order of interdunearea>westand east slopes>slope top.The mean profile soil moisture content in the root zone of dead H. ammodendronindividuals was significantly higher than that in the root zones of adult and young individuals, while the soil moisture content in the root zone of adult individuals was slightly higher than that in the root zone of young individuals with no significant difference.The spatial pattern of soil moisture was attributable to the combined effects of snowfall, vegetation and soil texture, whereas the effects of rainfall and evaporation were not significant. The findings may offer a foundation for the management of sandy soil moisture and vegetation restoration in arid areas.     

玉米根系分泌物缓解连作花生土壤酚酸类物质的 化感抑制作用

为探讨玉米//花生间作系统中玉米根系分泌物对连作花生土壤中酚酸类物质化感作用的影响机制，采用二氯甲烷提取了玉米抽雄期根系分泌物，添加到含有不同浓度的连作花生根系分泌物中主要的三种酚酸类物质（肉桂酸、邻苯二甲酸和对羟基苯甲酸）混合物的土壤中，研究了土壤微生态环境变化情况。结果表明，酚酸类物质对土壤微生物量、微生物活性、酶活性及养分含量均存在化感抑制作用，且浓度越高，抑制作用越强（P＜0.05）。整个培养时期，添加玉米根系分泌物均增加了酚酸类物质处理土壤呼吸强度、酶活性、微生物量及养分含量，以低浓度处理增幅较大，分别平均增加7.58%、6.73%、7.72%和4.90%；降低了酚酸类物质对土壤各指标的化感指数，其中低浓度酚酸类物质处理土壤微生物量碳氮、微生物活性、酶活性和养分含量的化感指数分别降低21.57%、21.19%、 26.32%和20.95%。3次取样，酚酸类物质的化感作用呈先增强后降低的趋势，各处理在第10d达到最强；而玉米根系分泌物对酚酸类物质化感作用的影响以处理第5d最强，随后呈减弱趋势。玉米根系分泌物可在一定程度上缓解酚酸类物质对土壤微生态环境的化感作用，为玉米//花生间作缓解花生连作障碍技术提供了理论依据。     

生物有机肥对马铃薯根际土壤生物活性 及根系活力的影响

针对大量化肥长期施用对马铃薯田土壤造成的生物活性降低等问题，利用根际益生菌（PGPR）制成生物有机肥，通过盆栽试验，研究了不施肥（对照，CK）以及分别施化肥（CF）、普通有机肥（OF）和5种生物有机肥（BOF1，BOF2，BOF3，BOF4和BOF5）对马铃薯根际土壤生物活性和根系活力的影响。结果表明，在马铃薯的成熟期，5种生物有机肥处理的可培养细菌数量平均比CF及OF高52%和37%，微生物量碳比CF和OF处理平均增加了30%，其中以BOF3效果最明显,比其它生物有机肥处理的可培养细菌数量和微生物量碳增加达3%～7%和2%～7%；且土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和磷酸酶活性显著提高(P<0.05)，相比CF和OF，5种生物有机肥处理土壤酶活性的增幅为11%～114%；根系活力分别增加了265%和224%，块茎产量分别增加了16%和21%，根系活力和块茎产量的提高也以BOF3效果最明显，其根系活力比BOF5高出166%，其块茎产量比其它生物有机肥处理的增幅为5%～9%。说明生物有机肥有助于提高土壤的生物活性，改善马铃薯的根际环境，进而提高了马铃薯的根系活力，增加了马铃薯的块茎产量。     

耕作与秸秆还田方式对稻田N_2O排放、水稻氮吸收及产量的影响

保护性耕作是改善农田土壤肥力的重要举措,然而其对作物氮吸收与产量的作用尚不明确。为此,本试验于2016—2017年稻季在湖北省武穴市花桥镇,设置常规翻耕与免耕两种耕作方式以及前茬作物秸秆全量还田与不还田两种秸秆还田方法,研究耕作与秸秆还田方式对稻田土壤N_2O排放、根系酶活性、水稻氮吸收与产量的影响。结果表明,耕作方式显著影响土壤N_2O排放,但不影响根系硝酸还原酶与谷氨酰胺合成酶活性、水稻氮吸收与产量。与翻耕处理相比,免耕处理2016年和2017年土壤N_2O排放量分别显著提高了12.5%～18.2%和21.1%～38.6%。秸秆还田显著影响土壤N_2O排放量、根系酶活性、水稻氮吸收与产量。相对于秸秆不还田处理,秸秆还田处理2016年和2017年土壤N_2O排放量分别显著提高了38.5%～45.5%和13.1%～29.5%。秸秆还田处理相对于不还田处理根系硝酸还原酶与谷氨酰胺合成酶活性分别显著增加了6.7%～45.9%和9.0%～46.7%,水稻氮吸收量提高了12.5%～26.0%,产量增加了9.4%～12.6%。本文认为,虽然秸秆还田提高了水稻氮吸收与产量,但也促进了土壤N_2O的排放,因此在评估保护性耕作稻田温室效应时应加强对温室气体(CH4和N_2O)排放和土壤碳固定影响的长期监测,以期为发展低碳稻作提供理论依据和技术支撑。     

Drought responses of above‐ground and below‐ground characteristics in warm‐season turfgrass

Water shortages have become more chronic as periodic droughts prolong and water demand for urban and agricultural use increases. Plant drought responses involve coordinated mechanisms in both above‐ and below‐ground systems, yet most studies lack comparisons of root and canopy responses under water scarcity and recovery. This is particularly true of research focused on warm‐season turfgrasses in sandy soils with extremely low water holding capacity. To address the lack of examination of coordinated stress and recovery responses, this study compared the above‐ and below‐ground plant responses during a dry‐down period of 21 days and recovery among four warm‐season turfgrass species in the field. Canopy drought responses and recovery were quantified using digital image analysis. In situ root images were captured using a minirhizotron camera system. Common bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] endured the entire drought period without losing 50% green cover while other species lost 50% green cover in 11–34 days predicted from the regression. The interspecific differences in drought resistance were mainly due to root characteristics. Other drought mechanisms appear to be responsible for differences identified in drought resistance between “Zeon” and “Taccoa Green” manilagrass [Zoysia matrella (L.) Merr.]. Recovery was delayed for up to 2 weeks in the second year, warranting further evaluation for turfgrass persistence under long‐term drought. Three‐week drought posed no threat to the survival of zoysiagrass. Species and genotypic variations were found in achieving full post‐recovery, which can be used to develop water conservation strategies and to adjust consumer expectations.     

Drought and heat stress reduce yield and alter carbon rhizodeposition of different wheat genotypes

Drought and high temperature are major environmental stress factors threatening wheat production during grain filling stage resulting in substantial yield losses. Four wheat genotypes (Suntop, IAW2013, Scout and 249) were planted under two temperature levels (25 and 30°C) and two water levels (15% and 25% soil moisture content). Wheat yield, leaf δ¹³C, plant rhizodeposition, shoot biomass and root traits were examined. Low moisture (drought stress) and high temperature (heat stress) decreased the grain yield of all wheat genotypes, in particular 249, while combined drought and temperature stresses had the most pronounced negative effect on plant biomass and grain yield. Decreasing soil water availability decreased the allocation of plant‐derived C to soil organic carbon (SOC) and to microbial biomass through rhizodeposition. Leaf δ¹³C decreased with increased yield, suggesting that higher yielding genotypes were less water stressed and allocated less C to SOC and microbial biomass through rhizodeposition. Wheat genotypes with lower root/shoot ratios and thinner roots were more efficient at assimilating C to the grain, while genotypes with higher root/shoot ratios and thicker roots allocated more C belowground through rhizodeposition at the expense of producing higher yield. Therefore, improving these traits for enhanced C allocation to wheat grain under variable environmental conditions needs to be considered.